一胎化政策反撲
India is set to surpass China as the world’s most populous nation (and it may already have done so), with the change expected to have both profound economic and social consequences.
印度有望超越中國成為世界上人口最多的國家（也許已經超越了），預計將對經濟和社會產生深遠的影響。
be set to 預計將～、有望會～surpass (v.)超越populous (adj.)人口稠密的profound (adj.)深遠的
Since the United Nations started keeping world population statistics, China has consistently held the title of “most populous” country.
自聯合國開始統計全球人口以來，中國一直保持「人口最大國」的稱號。
statistics (n.)統計數據、統計資料
However, in recent years, the populations of India and China have been trending in different directions.
然而，近年來，印度和中國的人口發展趨勢卻不同。
trend (n.)趨勢 (v.)朝……發展
For the past three decades, India has had “a much younger population, a higher fertility rate and a decrease in infant mortality.”
過去三十年來，印度擁有「更年輕的人口、更高的生育率和嬰兒死亡率下降」。
fertility (n.)生育力、生殖力decrease (n.)減少mortality (n.)死亡率
With the most babies being born yearly in India, its population has been rapidly closing in on China’s.
由於印度每年的新生兒數量最多，其人口正在迅速逼近中國。
close in 愈來愈靠近、逼近
Meanwhile, China’s previous one-child policy, along with more deaths than births in the country, have led to a declining population.
與此同時，中國之前實施的一胎化政策，加上該國死亡人數超越出生人數，導致人口逐漸下降。
along with 連同
This puts India in a position to benefit from an increasing labor force, with the population growth stimulating the country’s economic activities.
這使印度受益於日益增加的勞動力，人口成長刺激該國的經濟活動。
labor (n.)勞動、勞工stimulate (v.)刺激、促進
Conversely, China will be experiencing a shortage in working-aged adults, which will result in fewer employed people supporting the country’s growing elderly population.
相反地，中國將面臨勞動人口短缺的問題，這將導致扶養該國日益增加的老年人口的勞動人口減少。
conversely (adv.)相反地、反之employ (v.)雇用
Beyond these economic effects, India surpassing its rival in population will be tough for China psychologically, as the two countries compete in many areas.
除了這些經濟影響之外，印度在人口方面超越競爭對手，中國心理上也很不是滋味，因為這兩個國家在許多領域都是競爭關係。
rival (n.)競爭對手、敵手political rival 政治上的競爭對手tough (adj.)困難的、難以應付處理的
The exact timing of India surpassing China is not yet known as the numbers used by demographers are estimates.
印度超越中國的確切時間不明，因為人口統計學家使用的數字是估計值。
demographer (n.)人口統計學家estimate (v.)預估、估計 (n.) 估計值
Although statistics are collected by various governmental surveys and records, including the numbers of births and deaths, the UN Population Division needs to make projections based on inference.
儘管統計數據是來自各種政府調查和紀錄，包括出生和死亡人數，聯合國的人口部門仍需根據推論進行預測。
survey (n.)調查carry out(conduct) a survey 進行調查division (n.)部門the sales division 銷售部門make a projection 預測、估計
Still, for many, the specifics of the event are not as important as the impact the switch will have on the populations of India, China and the world.
不過，對許多人來說，此事的細節並不如這個轉變對印度、中國乃至全世界的影響那樣重要。
specifics (n.)細節、詳情