「舌尖現象」障礙
Words and names can simply slip your mind when you try to recall them.
單字與名字總在你試著記起時憑空消失，
slip one’s mind=忘了做某事I forgot to pay the water bill. It just slipped my mind.
It is not necessarily that you have a poorer memory, but that you may be experiencing a state of word-finding problems called “TOT,” referring to tip-of-the-tongue.
這並非是你記憶變差了，而是出現了一種搜尋單字的障礙叫作「舌尖現象」。
poor-poorer-poorestit is not that...but that...=並非...而是...experience(n.)體驗(v.)經歷;體會到I had experienced the worst pain.refer to…=意指...
TOT is a common cognitive issue that bothers middle-aged and older people.
舌尖現象是個常見的認知問題，使中老年人困擾不已。
common(adj.)常見的;普遍的common sense=常識common courtesy=基本禮節uncommon(adj.)不常見的;不普遍的cognitive issue=認知問題bother(v.)困擾;使~焦慮或擔心
It may occur for even the most familiar words or names a person knows, not to mention proper nouns and terms of objects.
即使是最熟悉的單詞與熟人的名字，舌尖現象還是可能發生，更別說是專有名詞或物體的名稱了。
occur(v.)發生familiar(adj.)熟悉的not to mention=更不用提...
A study shows that college students experience about one to two times of TOT a week, while the elderly in their 80s develop TOT states at twice the rate of college students.
一項研究顯示，大學生每週大約會經歷一到兩次的舌尖現象，而80多歲的受試者出現該現象的頻率則是大學生的兩倍多。
the elderly=年長者the young=年輕人
Harvard’s psychologists Roger Brown and David McNeill came up with a method which can experimentally induce a TOT state.
哈佛心理學家羅傑·布朗和大衛·麥克尼爾想出一種研究方法，以實驗手段誘發舌尖現象。
psychology(n.)心理學psychologist(n.)心理學家come up with…=想到某辦法experiment(n.)實驗experimentally(adv.)以實驗性的方式;實驗性地induce(v.)誘發;誘使;勸說
They found that giving participants dictionary definitions of uncommon English words would often trigger a word-finding failure.
他們發現，給參與者提供生僻字在字典中的定義通常可以誘發舌尖現象。
participant(n.)受試者;參與者definition(n.)定義trigger(v.)引起;引發failure(n.)失敗a complete failure
While participants in the study had no idea what word the definition was describing, they were able to provide partial information of the given terms and responded with words with similar meanings or words sounding alike, for example, “sextant” led to responses of “sextet” and “sexton.”
儘管實驗中的受試者不曉得該定義在描述什麼，但他們仍能給出該單字的片面資訊，並回答出近義字或讀音相近的單字，比如「六分儀」就引導出「六重奏」和「教堂司事」的答案。
describe(v.)描述be able to RV=有能力做某事partial(adj.)片面的;不完全的respond with…=以~回答response(n.)回應;反應
Psychologist Donna Dahlgren at Indiana University Southeast has argued that the key issue is knowledge rather than age.
印第安納大學東南分校的心理學家唐娜·達爾格倫認為，關鍵在於知識而非年紀。
argue(v.)爭執;爭辯key(n.)鑰匙;關鍵rather than=而不是
Older adults typically experience more TOT states because they have more information in long-term memory.
長者一般出現舌尖現象是因為他們的長期記憶中儲存較多訊息。
typically(adv.)典型地;具有代表性地;一般地;通常;long-term(adj.)長期的short-term(adj.)短期的
Let’s put it this way: TOT states might not represent failures of recalling but a lack of valuable sources of information.
這麼說好了，舌尖現象象徵的可能不是記憶缺失，而是缺乏重要的訊息來源。
represent(v.)代表;象徵a lack of sth.=缺乏~;~不足a lack of confidence=自信心不足valuable(adj.)寶貴的;有價值的source(n.)來源
They can serve as a signal to older adults that the sought-for word is known, they just currently cannot bring it back into their minds.
重要的訊息來源可提示他們，告訴他們正在搜尋的單字是已知的了，只是一時記不起來。
serve as…=作為~用途;擔任~職位The sofa can serve as a bed.He serves as a mayor.signal(n.)(v.)信號;提示seek-sought-soughtknown(adj.)已知的